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建筑賞析|畢爾巴鄂揭秘：建筑如何讓人與自然和諧共生？

發(fā)布于：2024-10-29 20:00:07

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畢爾巴鄂揭秘：建筑如何讓人與自然和諧共生？第1張圖片

Collage. Image Cortesía de Tatiana Bilbao ESTUDIO

“生活每分每秒都在變化，但建筑從未改變”：與塔蒂亞娜-畢爾巴鄂對(duì)話
"Life Changes Every Second, But Architecture Never Changes": In Conversation with Tatiana Bilbao

由專筑網(wǎng)王沛儒，小R編譯

如今，我們經(jīng)常能聽到不同的聲音在討論當(dāng)代建筑的各種問題，這些話題不勝枚舉，從可持續(xù)性和包容性到社會(huì)正義和土地使用危機(jī)。乍一看，這些概念沒有一個(gè)可以橫向共存的共同點(diǎn)。然而，如果我們回過頭來看，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)除了形式上的建筑概念，建筑的真正目的可能在于生活在其中的人。

因此，許多人會(huì)認(rèn)為生活比建筑更重要，這可能會(huì)引發(fā)一場(chǎng)廣泛的辯論?？梢钥隙ǖ氖?，這些更新建筑工具和語言的聲音逐步出現(xiàn)，也在被證實(shí)。他們更傾向把建筑環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)空間，為所有人創(chuàng)造更加公平、美好的未來。而塔蒂亞娜-畢爾巴鄂（Tatiana Bilbao）也因此而發(fā)聲，她以過程為中心的方法得到了認(rèn)可，認(rèn)為生活和人與人之間的互動(dòng)在定義居住環(huán)境方面發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。

These days, it is common to hear multiple voices addressing the perse issues of contemporary architecture. The topics are numerous, ranging from sustainability and inclusion to social justice and the crisis in land use. At first glance, there is no common ground where all these concepts can coexist transversally. However, if we look back, we can see that beyond the formal architectural concepts, the true purpose of architecture (probably) lies in the people and the lives that develop within it.
Thus, many would argue that life is likely more important than architecture, which could open up a broad debate. What is certain is that currently, narratives and voices are emerging and consolidating, aimed at renewing architectural tools and languages. This transformation seeks to turn the built environment into a space that promotes a more equitable and optimistic future for all. One of these voices is that of Tatiana Bilbao, recognized for her process-centered approach where life and human interactions play a crucial role in defining habitats.

畢爾巴鄂揭秘：建筑如何讓人與自然和諧共生？第2張圖片

Conferencia inaugural Inflexiones 2024. Image Cortesía de Tecnológico de Monterrey

在由建筑學(xué)院協(xié)會(huì)（Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture，簡(jiǎn)稱 ACSA）、蒙特雷理工大學(xué)建筑、藝術(shù)與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院（School of Architecture, Art, and Design，簡(jiǎn)稱 EAAD）和墨西哥共和國(guó)建筑教育機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)會(huì)（Association of Architecture Education Institutions of the Mexican Republic，簡(jiǎn)稱 ASINEA）共同舉辦的 “2024 年的變化”（Inflections 2024）活動(dòng)中，塔蒂亞娜-畢爾巴鄂發(fā)表了開幕演講。我們對(duì)她進(jìn)行了采訪，探討了身份、地域性以及住房和人際關(guān)系在建筑中的作用。

Enrique Tovar （下文成為ET）：從中國(guó)金華的展覽館到墨西哥馬薩特蘭的科爾特斯海洋研究中心，在您的作品發(fā)展過程中，我們可以感受到幾何和構(gòu)成方面的變化。從您的第一個(gè)項(xiàng)目到今天，您覺得有什么變化？

塔蒂亞娜-畢爾巴鄂（下文稱為TB）：一切都好像變了，但也沒有什么根本性的變化。沒有改變的是我對(duì)建筑的理解，改變的是我對(duì)自己找到信念的能力和信心。一開始，我試著融入這個(gè)我接觸過并想要參與的世界。不知道是什么原因，我感覺我做建筑的方法都只停留在書本上，隨著時(shí)間的推移，我意識(shí)到我并不認(rèn)同那種做建筑的方式，慢慢地，我開始更誠(chéng)實(shí)地融入自我，這一點(diǎn)從未改變。

In the framework of Inflections 2024, organized by the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA), the School of Architecture, Art, and Design (EAAD) of the Tecnológico de Monterrey, along with the Association of Architecture Education Institutions of the Mexican Republic (ASINEA), Tatiana Bilbao presented the inaugural lecture. Furthermore, in conversation with ArchDaily, she reflected on identity, locality, and the role of housing and human relations in architecture.
Enrique Tovar (ArchDaily): In the development of your work—from the exhibition hall in Jinhua, China, to the Cortés Sea Research Center in Mazatlan, Mexico—, a transformation in geometric and compositional aspects is perceptible. What would you say has changed for you from your first project to today?
Tatiana Bilbao: Everything has changed but nothing has changed profoundly. What has not changed is my conception of what I think architecture is. What has changed is my confidence in my ability to find what I believe in. In the beginning, I was trying to fit into this world that I had been exposed to and wanted to participate in. Somehow, I was doing what I thought I had been taught to do. Over time, I realized that I didn't believe in that way of doing architecture, and, little by little, I began to integrate more honestly with who I am. That never changed.

畢爾巴鄂揭秘：建筑如何讓人與自然和諧共生？第3張圖片

Cortés Sea Research Center. Image © Juan Manuel McGrath

Collage - Centro de investigación del mar de Cortés. Image Cortesía de Tatiana Bilbao ESTUDIO

ET：拉丁美洲的建筑，也可以說南半球的建筑，有著深厚的傳統(tǒng)工藝傳統(tǒng)，與這片地區(qū)工人所使用的材料和手工技能密切相關(guān)。您是如何通過建筑技術(shù)和材料選擇將身份融入您的設(shè)計(jì)過程中的？

TB：身份是與生俱來的，不能被篡奪，它是你本來就有的東西。就我而言，我的身份是在一個(gè)非常特殊的背景下確定的：我出生在墨西哥一個(gè)西班牙難民家庭中，在一個(gè)高度政治化的環(huán)境中，我并不是本地人，這就是我的身份。所以我說身份不會(huì)被篡奪，你來自哪里，你就擁有什么，而我擁有的是地方性。這也是我的家人能很好地融入這個(gè)環(huán)境的原因：他們對(duì)這里有著濃厚的興趣，對(duì)社區(qū)有深刻的理解。

身份與生俱來，不可篡奪；它永遠(yuǎn)屬于你。塔蒂亞娜-畢爾巴鄂

ET：如果沒有墨西哥的材料和技術(shù)作為基礎(chǔ)，您認(rèn)為您的創(chuàng)作過程會(huì)有所不同嗎？

TB：當(dāng)然，因?yàn)槲視?huì)受生活經(jīng)歷的影響，比如我的家庭，我們是內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的難民移民。因此，我認(rèn)為在某種程度上，這其中蘊(yùn)含著對(duì)新國(guó)家的歡迎、適應(yīng)性和復(fù)原力的尊重。這也是墨西哥文化的一部分，我們可以利用現(xiàn)有的以及我們能獲取的重塑自己。我們不僅能重塑自我，還能利用本地的資源發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造、拆除和建設(shè)整個(gè)國(guó)家。國(guó)家賦予了我一種非常不同的能力，利用所擁有的資源發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的能力，這種能力在其他資源更為豐富的國(guó)家是不可能有的。

ET: Architecture in Latin America, and more broadly in the Global South, has deep legacies of traditional processes strongly linked to the materials and manual skills of the region's workers. How do you integrate identity into your processes through construction techniques and material selection?
TB: Identity is inherent and cannot be usurped; it is something you possess. In my case, my identity is framed within a very specific context: that of a family of Spanish refugees in Mexico City, amidst a highly political environment where I do not originate from a native people. That is my identity. That is why I mention that identity is not usurped, you have it where you come from. What I think I do have embedded is the locality. This is why my family integrated so well into this context: due to a profound interest and concern for others, a capacity for understanding, and a deep appreciation for community.

Identity is inherent and cannot be usurped; it is something you possess. -Tatiana Bilbao

ET: Do you think your process would be different if you hadn't been grounded in Mexican materials and techniques?
TB: Yes, because I would be influenced by what I would have lived through. One thing you might notice when considering my family is that we are refugees from the civil war and immigrants. So I think something that's embedded in that is, in a way, respect for welcoming, adaptability, and resilience in a new country. I think this is also part of Mexico's culture. We have this capacity to reinvent ourselves with what exists, with what there is, and with what we are given. Not only to reinvent ourselves, but to invent, to create, dismantle, and build an entire country with the resources at hand. It is a very different capacity that this country has given me, the ability to be very creative with the resources I have, something that does not exist in other contexts where there is much more abundance.

畢爾巴鄂揭秘：建筑如何讓人與自然和諧共生？第5張圖片

Maqueta - Centro de investigación del mar de Cortés. Image Cortesía de Tatiana Bilbao ESTUDIO

ET: 在與雅克-赫爾佐格（Jacques Herzog）的一次談話中，您提到由軟件驅(qū)動(dòng)的參數(shù)化是建筑領(lǐng)域的常態(tài)，而您卻選擇繼續(xù)探索其他方法。但現(xiàn)在，全球都在經(jīng)歷人工智能向超技術(shù)的過渡。您如何在設(shè)計(jì)中保持以人為本，避免讓技術(shù)主宰整個(gè)過程？

TB：我堅(jiān)信，人類是物理實(shí)體。而技術(shù)歸根結(jié)底只是一種工具，它無法取代我們與其他人之間的物理關(guān)系。我不相信機(jī)器人能維持生命，但也許有人能做到，這些都未可知。但現(xiàn)在，我們?nèi)匀贿€需要這種物理關(guān)系，我們沒有辦法獨(dú)立的存在。我們這些活生生的有機(jī)生命存在于這個(gè)星球上，需要這些有形的墻壁來庇護(hù)，我們不可能活在數(shù)字世界里，可能有些人認(rèn)為自己生活在數(shù)字世界里，但歸根結(jié)底，現(xiàn)在是這些圍墻在保護(hù)著我們。技術(shù)不過是一種工具，就像我們迄今為止所使用的工具一樣，幫助我們做想做的事情。

技術(shù)永遠(yuǎn)都只是一種工具，它無法取代我們與他人之間所擁有和需要的實(shí)際關(guān)系。

ET: In a conversation with Jacques Herzog, you mentioned that in the past, parametricism driven by software tended to be the norm, whereas you chose to continue exploring analog processes. Today we seem to be experiencing a transition to the hyper-technological at the hands of AI. How do you maintain a human focus in your designs and avoid letting technology dominate the process?
TB: I firmly believe that we are human beings and physical entities. Technology will never be more than a tool; it cannot replace the physical relationships we have and need with others. I don't believe that a robot can sustain life, and maybe life will prove otherwise; let's see if it does. For now, I remain with the need for these physical relationships. We need them and will always need them; without each other, we cannot exist. We living, organic beings exist physically on this planet, and we need these physical walls to inhabit it. We cannot live in a digital world; we may think we live there, but at the end of the day, it is these walls that sustain us. Technology will be one more tool, like the ones we have used until today, to keep doing what we do.
Technology will never be more than a tool; it cannot replace the physical relationships we have and need with others.

畢爾巴鄂揭秘：建筑如何讓人與自然和諧共生？第6張圖片

Collage Vivienda. Image Cortesía de Tatiana Bilbao ESTUDIO

ET：您還談到了住宅在人們生活中的重要性，它不僅是人們?nèi)粘；顒?dòng)的空間，也是人們對(duì)住所的基本需求。資源充足的住房項(xiàng)目和預(yù)算有限的社會(huì)住房項(xiàng)目之間有什么共同點(diǎn)？

TB：它們的共同之處在于：我們都需要一個(gè)棲身之所，我的所有項(xiàng)目都是基于這一點(diǎn)，有的項(xiàng)目有更多的可用資源，有的項(xiàng)目則少一點(diǎn)。我想，每個(gè)人都只會(huì)使用自己生活中所必需的資源，無論是生活中還是工作中，高效利用資源都很重要。

ET: You have also discussed the importance of housing in people's lives, not just as a space for daily activities, but as a fundamental need for shelter. What common ground exists between housing projects with ample resources and social housing projects operating on limited budgets?
TB: All they have in common is exactly that: we all have a physical need for a roof over our heads to inhabit this planet. All the projects I do are based on that. There are projects with more resources available and others with less. What I like to think is that one should always—but especially in cases where people think they have everything—only use what is necessary for their life and lifestyle. Using resources efficiently has always been a prerogative in the office, in any project.

畢爾巴鄂揭秘：建筑如何讓人與自然和諧共生？第7張圖片

Acuña Housing Prototype. Image © Jaime Navarro

Acuña Housing Prototype. Image © Jaime Navarro

ET：在全球范圍內(nèi)，由于各種天氣和社會(huì)事件的影響，社會(huì)和社區(qū)問題似乎越來越多，您認(rèn)為建筑如何才能在社會(huì)變革中發(fā)揮更積極的作用？

TB：建筑急需在很多方面發(fā)揮更積極的作用。首先，從物理角度說，我想大家都能意識(shí)到：以負(fù)責(zé)任的態(tài)度建造建筑，將破壞降到最低。但我認(rèn)為，必須深刻理解建筑是我們?cè)谶@個(gè)星球上生存的一種手段。但現(xiàn)在建筑似乎成為一種限制，正在建造的建筑使人們無法適應(yīng)自然環(huán)境。沒有人知道如何在沒有人工照明、空調(diào)或暖氣的情況下生活。建筑原本應(yīng)該是更有彈性的，以前的住宅可以控制溫度，我們應(yīng)該更好地利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)，而不是通過技術(shù)調(diào)節(jié)溫度，必須讓人類具有更強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力。很多人一生都生活在 22 攝氏度的環(huán)境中，從出生到死亡，無論環(huán)境溫度如何變化，只要離開這個(gè)溫度，他們就會(huì)生病。建筑業(yè)難辭其咎，必須要讓人類重新適應(yīng)自然環(huán)境和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

其次，人本質(zhì)上是具有社會(huì)性的，我們?cè)谏钪须x不開他人，而建筑卻自以為是地認(rèn)為，它可以在沒有任何其他人和物資的情況下維持人類的生存。所有的事物都被割裂，這是建筑的另一個(gè)重大缺陷。建筑應(yīng)該是錯(cuò)位的，他們共同支撐起社會(huì)中的個(gè)人，同時(shí)也能夠使他們?nèi)跒橐惑w。

ET: Addressing social and community issues, which seem to be on the rise in the global context due to weather and social events, how do you think architecture can play a more active role in social transformation?
TB: Architecture urgently needs to play a more active role in many ways. The first—if we can call it physical—I think everyone is aware of: ensuring that the building is constructed responsibly and causes minimal destruction. But I think buildings must be deeply understood as a means to exist on this planet. Today they are becoming limits. We are constructing buildings that dis-adapt people from their natural environment. Today, no one knows how to live without artificial light, air conditioning or heating, when buildings could be more resilient and, for example, control the temperature as it was done since ancient times, but now better, with the technology we have, not through it. We must have the capacity to allow human beings to be more resilient. Today some people live at 22 degrees Celsius all their lives, from birth to death, regardless of the temperature of the fluctuating environment, and if they leave that temperature they get sick, literally. So architecture is very much to blame. It is necessary to readapt human beings to their natural environment, and to their ecosystem.
Secondly, the human being, by nature, is a social being. We do not exist without the other, and architecture pretends to think that it can sustain a human being without any other need, without the other and anyone. Because we have made everything more and more compartmentalized and I think that is another great fault of architecture. It could be very different, having the capacity to sustain the inpidual within their society, to be able to integrate them.

畢爾巴鄂揭秘：建筑如何讓人與自然和諧共生？第9張圖片

Collage. Image Cortesía de Tatiana Bilbao ESTUDIO

我認(rèn)為，必須深刻理解建筑是在這個(gè)星球上生存的一種手段。但現(xiàn)在，它好像逐漸變成一種限制。

ET：最后，理想情況下，我們創(chuàng)造的建筑將比我們的存在更長(zhǎng)久。對(duì)您來說，項(xiàng)目能夠長(zhǎng)期存在的關(guān)鍵是什么？

TB：建筑是極具確定性的，它維持著進(jìn)化和突變的過程，我們每時(shí)每刻都在變化，但建筑從未改變。思考這兩個(gè)實(shí)體如何共存是我們整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯的工作內(nèi)容，也是我們?cè)诟慕ㄅf建筑時(shí)向自己提出的問題。但最根本的問題是：建筑和人類如何有效地共存？

I think buildings must be deeply understood as a means to exist on this planet. Today they are becoming limits.
ET: To conclude, ideally, the architecture we produce will remain much longer than we do. For you, what is the key for projects to remain relevant over time?
TB: Architecture is something extremely determined and determinant that sustains an evolutionary and mutant process, which is life. Life changes every second, but architecture never changes. Thinking about how these two entities coexist has been the work of our entire career, the question we ask ourselves when making a habitable ruin or a house without labels. The fundamental question is: How can these two conditions coexist more efficiently?

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