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建筑賞析|夏日避暑新去處？來看看這些清涼建筑如何讓你“透心涼”

發(fā)布于：2024-11-13 12:00:09

首頁/技術(shù)分享/建筑賞析

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夏日避暑新去處？來看看這些清涼建筑如何讓你“透心涼”第1張圖片

十條妙計(jì)教你設(shè)計(jì)清涼空間，抵御酷暑
Ten principles for designing cool spaces for hot weather

由專筑網(wǎng)Yinglin，小R編譯

英國(guó)和西歐經(jīng)歷了破紀(jì)錄的熱浪，氣候變化意味著熾熱的高溫會(huì)越來越常見。Smith Mordak列出了十種設(shè)計(jì)方法，讓建筑在炎熱天氣里依然清涼。

你想設(shè)計(jì)出清涼的建筑嗎？遵循這些原則，你也可以成為一個(gè)清涼空間設(shè)計(jì)師——真正的受歡迎！

Following a record-breaking heatwave in the UK and western Europe, with climate change meaning that sweltering temperatures are likely to become more common, Smith Mordak outlines 10 ways to design buildings that remain cool in hot weather.
Want to design cool architecture? Of course you do! Follow these principles and you too can be a cool designer of cool spaces that don't heat up our climate – not cool.

夏日避暑新去處？來看看這些清涼建筑如何讓你“透心涼”第2張圖片

Photo by Lara Swimmer

地源熱泵和低矮建筑

低矮的建筑比高而細(xì)的建筑更涼爽，因?yàn)榈孛鏈囟认鄬?duì)恒定。地源熱泵可以加速這個(gè)過程，夏天把熱量存到地下，冬天從地下取熱。

圖中的鹽湖城“主人之家”是由建筑師Kipp Edick和Joe Sadoski設(shè)計(jì)的零碳建筑。它主要是一層樓，使用地源熱泵作為在猶他州極端夏季和冬季中控制溫度的措施之一。

Ground-source heat pumps and low-lying buildings
Low-lying buildings stay cooler than tall skinny ones because the ground maintains a pretty even temperature. Ground-source heat pumps essentially supercharge this process by facilitating depositing heat in the ground in summer and drawing heat from the ground in winter.
Host House in Salt Lake City (pictured), was designed by architects Kipp Edick and Joe Sadoski to be a net-zero building. It is mostly one-storey and uses a ground-source heat pump as one of its measures for controlling temperatures during the extremes of the Utah summers and winters.

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Photo by Oskar Proctor

裸露的熱質(zhì)量

內(nèi)部暴露的熱質(zhì)是同一概念的小型版本。具有熱質(zhì)的材料能夠儲(chǔ)存熱量或涼意，減小晝夜溫差。

混凝土在熱質(zhì)材料的應(yīng)用中已經(jīng)占據(jù)高位太久了。有人認(rèn)為，盡管生產(chǎn)混凝土?xí)欧糯罅慷趸迹?jié)省的供暖和降溫能耗可以彌補(bǔ)這一點(diǎn)。這種說法就像那些過度包裝的無營(yíng)養(yǎng)食品廣告，聲稱你“省”了錢，但其實(shí)你最好根本不要買?；炷敛⒉皇菬豳|(zhì)的唯一選擇。

漢麻混凝土——一種由漢麻莖（植物的木質(zhì)部分）和石灰粘合劑混合而成的材料——是一種高度絕緣的材料，提供了理想的熱質(zhì)，同時(shí)不需要巨大的初始碳排放。它也具有透氣性，能根據(jù)環(huán)境吸收和釋放水分，從而控制濕度。其他低碳熱質(zhì)材料還有石頭、夯土和未燒制的磚塊。

圖中的劍橋郡平房是由Practice Architecture設(shè)計(jì)的零碳住宅，廣泛使用漢麻混凝土，尤其是在暴露的內(nèi)墻上。

Exposed thermal mass
Internally exposed thermal mass is a mini version of this same concept. Thermally massive materials store heat or coolness, reducing the temperature difference between day and night.
Concrete has been soaring high on the thermal mass scale for far too long. The argument goes that while you'll emit a load of carbon dioxide making the cement, the energy you'll save by not having to heat and cool the building as much will make up for it. This is as annoying as those ads for excessively packaged nutrient-free foodstuffs that claim you'll 'save' money buying them because they're not quite as overpriced as they were yesterday, when you'd be better off not buying them at all. Concrete does not have a monopoly on thermal mass.
Hempcrete – a mix of hemp shiv (the woody stem of the plant) and a lime binder – is a highly insulating material that also provides that much sought-after thermal mass without the huge upfront carbon cost. It's also vapour permeable and absorbs and releases moisture depending on its environment, so it controls humidity. Other low-carbon thermally massive materials include stone, rammed earth, and unfired bricks.
Flat House in Cambridgeshire (pictured), is a zero-carbon house designed by Practice Architecture that makes extensive use of hempcrete inside and out, especially on the exposed interior walls.

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Photo courtesy of BVN Donovan Hill

空氣冷卻

如果你在地下室打造一個(gè)熱質(zhì)迷宮，那么當(dāng)人們來拜訪時(shí)，你不僅可以說“想看看我的迷宮嗎？”你還擁有一個(gè)不需要插電的冷卻倉庫。假如你在外界空氣進(jìn)入居住空間之前，先讓它經(jīng)過這些冷墻和地下迷宮，那么你無需使用冷卻器就能讓空間降溫。

新南威爾士州的澳大利亞植物銀行（如圖所示）使用了一個(gè)地下熱迷宮來捕獲并保持白天的熱量或夜晚的涼爽，防止劇烈的溫度波動(dòng)，使建筑的溫度變化可達(dá)7.5攝氏度。這座建筑由BVN Donovan Hill設(shè)計(jì)。

Air cooling
If you create a labyrinth of thermal mass in your basement then not only do you get to say "want to see my labyrinth?" when people come to visit, you also have a no-need-to-plug-in coolness store always at hand. If you slowly pass outside air across the cool walls and of your cool underground maze before bringing it into inhabited spaces, then you've supercooled your passive ventilation without any chillers.
The Australian Plant Bank in New South Wales (pictured) uses an underground thermal labyrinth to capture and retain the heat of the day or the cool of the night, preventing sharp temperature fluctuations and warming or cooling the building by up to 7.5 degrees centigrade. It was designed by BVN Donovan Hill.

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Photo by Tommaso Riva

熱量提取

我們不僅要引入冷空氣，還需要排除熱空氣。即使你斷開所有設(shè)備的電源，人們的活動(dòng)仍然會(huì)產(chǎn)生需要排除的熱量，尤其是當(dāng)建筑內(nèi)有很多人時(shí)。

當(dāng)然，除非建筑位于一個(gè)即使在夜晚也從不寒冷的氣候中，否則這種熱量提取需要加以控制。熱空氣會(huì)上升，所以高大空間能夠讓熱量匯集在一旁，通過高處可開啟的窗戶將熱空氣排出，或者使用帶風(fēng)帽的煙囪利用過往的風(fēng)將空氣向上抽出建筑，都是不錯(cuò)的策略。

圖中顯示的是巴厘島由Ibuku設(shè)計(jì)的The Arc健身房，其屋頂?shù)捻敳坑型L(fēng)口，可以讓熱空氣逸出。

Heat extraction
As well as bringing in the cold we need to get rid of the heat. Even if you unplug everything, people still generate heat that needs removing, especially if there are a lot of people in your building.
Of course, unless your building is in a climate that never gets cold, even at night, this heat extraction needs to be controlled. Heat rises, so tall spaces that allow the heat to collect out of the way, openable windows at a high level that let the hot air out, and chimneys with wind cowls that use the passing wind to draw the air up through the building are all good tactics.
The image shows The Arc gymnasium in Bali designed by Ibuku, which uses vents at the apex of its roof to allow warm air to escape.

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Photo by Hufton + Crow

阻擋熱量進(jìn)入

為了減少建筑需要排出熱量或引入冷空氣的工作量，設(shè)計(jì)良好的建筑應(yīng)該阻止熱量進(jìn)入。如果你的地下室還沒有熱迷宮，那么在空氣進(jìn)出口安裝熱交換器，就可以確保冬天不會(huì)損耗熱量，夏天不會(huì)獲得熱量。

防止室內(nèi)溫度被室外溫度影響的一個(gè)重要方法是保溫：使用由生物基無污染材料制成的厚保溫層。再加上雙層或三層玻璃，以及厚厚的綠色屋頂（既能保溫又有利于生物多樣性）。

圖中展示的是由Heatherwick Studio設(shè)計(jì)的利茲Maggie's癌癥中心，采用天然材料建造，屋頂覆蓋了約克郡森林的本土植物種類。

Keeping heat out
To reduce the amount of work the building needs to do to extract the heat or bring in the cold, well-designed buildings keep the heat out. If you don't have a thermal labyrinth in your basement (yet!) then having a heat exchanger on your air intake/extract means you're not losing heat in winter or gaining it in summer.
A huge way to prevent the temperature indoors from being a slave to the temperature outdoors is insulation: lovely thick insulation made from biobased, non-polluting materials. Couple this with double or triple glazing and a fat green roof (both insulating and brilliant for biopersity) and you're laughing.
The image shows the Maggie's Centre for cancer patients in Leeds, designed by Heatherwick Studio and built with natural materials. Its roof is covered in plant species native to the woodlands of Yorkshire.

夏日避暑新去處？來看看這些清涼建筑如何讓你“透心涼”第7張圖片

Photo by Leonardo Finotti

外部遮陽

我們?cè)诟魺岱矫孀龅迷絹碓胶茫鳛橐粋€(gè)行業(yè)，我們?cè)谕獠空陉柗矫嫒匀蛔龅貌粔?。這種方法能在第一時(shí)間阻止熱量進(jìn)入建筑。

遮陽需要考慮朝向。垂直遮陽最適合東、西向立面，因?yàn)樘柕奈恢幂^低。懸挑和水平遮陽最適合太陽最高的位置（在北半球是南方，在南半球是北方）。

落葉植物也很有用，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诙鞎?huì)脫落葉子（即它們的小型遮陽設(shè)備），讓你能享受陽光的溫暖。其他動(dòng)態(tài)遮陽設(shè)備包括百葉窗和遮篷，可以移動(dòng)或開合。遮陽最好在外部，因?yàn)檫@樣熱量永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)進(jìn)入室內(nèi)，但如果實(shí)在不行，室內(nèi)使用淺色遮陽——可以將熱量反射出去。

Aleph Zero和Rosenbaum設(shè)計(jì)了巴西北部的兒童村學(xué)校寄宿設(shè)施（如圖所示），其大屋頂由交叉層壓木材框架支撐，為建筑遮陽。

External shading
We're getting better at insulation, but what we're still mostly rubbish at as a profession is external shading. This keeps the heat off the building in the first place.
Shading needs to consider orientation. Vertical shading is best for east-and west-facing facades where the sun is lower. Overhangs and horizontal shading are best for the highest sun (from the south in the northern hemisphere and north in the southern hemisphere).
Deciduous trees are also handy, given how they shed their little shading units (aka leaves) in the winter when you appreciate the sun's warmth. Other dynamic shading options are shutters and awnings that you can move or open and close. The shading is best outside because then the heat never gets indoors, but at a push, internal shading that's pale – so that it reflects the heat back out – is better than nothing.
Aleph Zero and Rosenbaum designed the Children Village school boarding facility in northern Brazil (pictured) with a large canopy roof framed by cross-laminated timber to shade the building.

夏日避暑新去處？來看看這些清涼建筑如何讓你“透心涼”第8張圖片

Photo by Rasmus Hjortshøj

綠色城市環(huán)境

設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)清涼的建筑不僅僅是關(guān)于建筑本身，還要設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)清涼的環(huán)境，讓你的建筑坐落其中。城市熱島效應(yīng)使得城市區(qū)域的溫度比農(nóng)村高出10多攝氏度。如果我們想減輕熱浪對(duì)健康的影響，減少建筑的能耗，就必須緊急應(yīng)對(duì)這一問題。

這意味著在城市空間中減少散熱的東西，比如更少的汽車和空調(diào)裝置，把熱氣排到街道上。這也意味著不要在陽光下放置熱蓄電池：城鎮(zhèn)和城市往往充滿了以磚石鋪路和柏油路形式存在的熱質(zhì)，這些東西會(huì)吸收太陽的熱量并牢牢保持住。我們需要更少的柏油路和更多的綠色，當(dāng)我們?yōu)榻ㄖ友b外部隔熱層時(shí)，如果能減少陽光下烹飪的磚石量，那就更好了。

圖中所示的哥本哈根Karen Blixens Plads公共廣場(chǎng)，由COBE設(shè)計(jì)，覆蓋了自行車的遮蔽停車場(chǎng)，并且常常在中性色瓷磚間交錯(cuò)種植植物和樹木。

Green urban environments
Designing a cool building is not just about the building, but also about designing a cool environment for your building to be in. The urban heat island effect can increase temperatures in urban areas by more than 10 degrees Celsius compared to their rural neighbours. We desperately need to tackle this if we're to ease the health impacts of heatwaves and reduce the energy demand of buildings.
This means fewer heat-emitting things in urban spaces, ie fewer cars and fewer air conditioning units pumping out hot exhaust into the streets. It also means not leaving heat batteries lying about in the sun: towns and cities tend to be stock-full of thermal mass in the form of masonry, paving, and tarmac that soak up the heat from the sun and hang on to it tightly. We need less tarmac and more green, and when we retrofit our buildings with external insulation it would be great if this was reducing the amount of masonry cooking in the sunshine.
The Karen Blixens Plads public plaza in Copenhagen (pictured), which was designed by COBE, covers sheltered parking for bicycles and features neutral-coloured tiles frequently interspersed with planting and trees.

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Photo by Wayne W

公共區(qū)域的遮蔭

樹木真是神奇。不僅可以遮蔭，還為無數(shù)物種提供棲息地。它們通過菌絲網(wǎng)絡(luò)與其他植物分享信息和養(yǎng)分，改善土壤健康。更妙的是，它們通過蒸騰作用為周圍空氣降溫。

蒸騰作用是樹木利用空氣中的熱能將葉片中的水分蒸發(fā)。我們不必全依賴樹木，流動(dòng)的水（從瀑布到噴霧器）也有同樣的效果。當(dāng)水蒸發(fā)時(shí)，周圍空氣會(huì)變涼。我們還可以借用樹木的遮陽技術(shù)：遮住陽光，讓那些硬質(zhì)、熱量大的材料不要像披薩石一樣把我們烤焦。

Shaded public realm
Trees are magic. Not only do they provide shade, habitats for a gazillion species, share information and nutrients with each other and other plants through mycelium networks and improve soil health, but they also cool the air around them via evapotranspiration.
This is where the trees use the heat energy in the air to evaporate the water in their leaves. We don't need to leave this all up to the trees, however: moving water (from waterfalls to misters) has the same effect, as when the water evaporates it leaves the air around it cooler. We can also rip off the trees' shading technologies: keep the sun off external spaces to prevent those hard, thermally massive materials from cooking us like pizza stones.

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Photo by Víctor de la Fuente

淺色屋頂

最后，再批評(píng)一下柏油路和它的伙伴——瀝青屋頂——它們顏色深，容易吸熱。如果這些表面顏色淺些，就能把熱量反射回城外。

圖中所示的Casa Banlusa是一座位于巴利亞多利德的白頂別墅，由建筑事務(wù)所Sara Acebes Anta設(shè)計(jì)。

Pale roofs
A final dig at tarmac and its buddy, the bitumen roof, is that they are dark and so they absorb heat. If these surfaces were paler, they could help reflect heat back out of town.
Casa Banlusa (pictured) is a white-roofed villa in Valladolid designed by architecture studio Sara Acebes Anta.

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Photo by Charly Broyez

低能耗生活與減少隱含碳

除了“材料優(yōu)先”和緩解城市熱島效應(yīng)外，還要記住，促進(jìn)有助于適應(yīng)氣候變化的行為也是關(guān)鍵。例如，你家的聲學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)是否允許你在奇怪的時(shí)間工作，或者如何設(shè)計(jì)空間以適應(yīng)靈活性，讓居住者隨著太陽在天空中的移動(dòng)而在房子里移動(dòng)？

減少建筑內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的熱量是連接行為改變和建筑設(shè)計(jì)的概念。我們幾乎插電的每樣?xùn)|西都在發(fā)熱，所以我們需要更高效的設(shè)備，也要關(guān)掉一些東西。

圖中所示的巴黎公寓樓由Mars Architectes設(shè)計(jì)，完全由木模塊建造，并且外覆木材。

這幾乎是我們對(duì)“清涼設(shè)計(jì)師”原則的最終探討了。還有最后一件事，也許是最重要的一件事。

Low-energy living and reduced embodied carbon
As well as 'fabric first' and alleviating the urban heat island effect, let's remember that facilitating behaviours that allow us to adapt to a changing climate is also part of this story. For example, how do the acoustics inside your home allow you to work odd hours, or how can you design spaces not for fixed activities, but the flexibility to allow inhabitants to move around a house as the sun moves across the sky?
Reducing the amount of heat being generated inside a building is a concept that bridges behaviour change and building design. Pretty much everything we plug in is pumping out heat (even a fan, depressingly) so we need more efficient appliances but also to just switch stuff off. If there's an alternative way to do something without energy, consider it!
Mars Architectes designed the apartment block in Paris (pictured) entirely from wooden modules that are also clad in timber.
This brings us almost to the end of our survey of principles for being a cool designer. There's just one final thing, arguably the most important.

當(dāng)然，上面提到的那些方法你都該做，但如果你想成為一個(gè)真正“酷”的設(shè)計(jì)師，你不僅需要大幅減少讓項(xiàng)目舒適健康所需的能量，還需要大幅減少項(xiàng)目的隱含碳。換句話說，你需要甩掉覆蓋在大氣中的所有溫室氣體的“棉被”。

在我們?nèi)祟愌壑?，二氧化碳和甲烷和氧氣一樣透明，但如果我們能看到紅外光，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)大氣層變得越來越不透明。這些溫室氣體通過阻擋紅外光逃逸到太空中，導(dǎo)致了全球變暖，就像當(dāng)你的棉被遮住你家人以為你睡著了時(shí)，你的手機(jī)仍在發(fā)光一樣。就不涼爽了。

Definitely do all that stuff above, but if you want to be a really cool designer, you need to not only massively reduce the energy needed to make your projects comfortable and healthy, you also need massively reduce the embodied carbon of your projects. In other words, you need to throw off the duvet that is all those greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
To our human eyes, carbon dioxide and methane are as transparent as oxygen, but if we could see infrared light, we would see the atmosphere getting more and more opaque. Those greenhouse gases are causing global heating by blocking infrared light from busting out into space, like when your duvet hides the fact that your phone is still glowing when your family thinks you're asleep. Not cool. Not cool. Not cool.

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