設計單位? 南京大學建筑與城市規(guī)劃學院梁宇舒團隊

項目地點? 內(nèi)蒙古阿拉善右旗

項目周期? 2023年7月—9月

建筑面積? 167平方米

本文文字由設計單位提供。

當沙漠綠洲成為遺產(chǎn)地，如何尊重自然與傳統(tǒng)，為依靠綠洲牧場為生的原著民建造一個當代的家？

When a desert oasis becomes a heritage site, how can we build a home for the indigenous people that meets their contemporary needs?

“巴丹吉林沙漠里的家”是一個運用地方材料和建造技藝，應對沙漠極端氣候，探討巴丹吉林嘎查傳統(tǒng)居住建筑的生態(tài)延續(xù)與當代應變的實驗性項目。

"The Home in the Badain Jaran Desert" is an experimental project that uses locally sourced material and building techniques to tackle the harsh desert climate. It explored ecological continuity and modern adaptation of traditional dwellings in Badain Jaran Gacha.

▲ 項目視頻? ?孫驍

“家”的困境

The Dilemma of Home

2024年7月26日，巴丹吉林沙漠依靠其獨一無二的“沙山—盆湖”地貌，正式列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。作為沙漠中的點點綠洲，盆湖牧場養(yǎng)育了一個個以蒙古族為多數(shù)的傳統(tǒng)牧民家庭。樸素的傳統(tǒng)建造技藝雖然使牧民們得以應對夏熱冬寒、風沙肆虐的氣候環(huán)境，但已逐漸無法適應他們除小范圍游牧外的現(xiàn)代生活需求與經(jīng)營需求。

On July 26, 2024, the Badain Jaran Desert, with its unique "Towers of Sand and Lakes" landscape, was officially listed as a World Heritage Site. The lake basin scattered across the desert, have been inhabited by Mongolian herding families since the Qing Dynasty. Over the years, unique building techniques have been developed to effectively withstand the harsh desert climate. However, these traditional vernacular dwellings have gradually become inadequate for the modern living and functional needs of the herders, who now engage in only small-scale nomads.

近10—15年來，居民自發(fā)地在家庭空間原型的基礎上進行各類擴建，沙漠中艱難的材料運輸、高昂的建造成本，以及旅游引發(fā)的床位競賽，使得“家”的建造困境愈發(fā)凸顯。未來，在遺產(chǎn)地的生態(tài)保護限制下，如何建造適應當代需求的“家”，成為此類遺產(chǎn)伴生聚落亟待解決的問題。

Over the past 10-15 years, the local people have expanded their homes based on traditional spatial prototypes, but the challenges of material transportation in the desert, the high construction costs, and the tourism-driven competition for accommodation have made conventional expansion methods unable to reconcile both climate adaptation and tradition. Meanwhile, with the construction constraints of the heritage site, finding sustainable ways to build future homes has become an urgent topic.

研究型設計

Research-based Design

該建筑并非委托項目，而是由科技研究基金支持、基于鄉(xiāng)土建筑研究的實驗性住宅。自2017年以來的六年間，主創(chuàng)建筑師及其研究團隊扎根鄉(xiāng)土，走訪并測繪該區(qū)域的150處民居建筑，調(diào)研牧民以家庭式牧場為主體的當代生活生產(chǎn)模式。設計者認為，設計實踐應以當代語境下可操作的傳統(tǒng)技藝的傳承為地方建筑語言發(fā)聲，嘗試以該實驗性項目為當?shù)氐泥l(xiāng)土建筑劇變提供一種可能性。

This project is not commissioned by a specific client, but is driven by a study of vernacular architecture and supported by an academic research fund. Over the past six years, the lead architect and research team have been immersed in the desert, surveying and mapping over 150 vernacular dwellings in the region and studying the contemporary living and production patterns of the herders, who are primarily family ranchers. The designers believe in the potential of indigenous primitive building techniques and that by studying them we can find exciting sustainable solutions and possibilities for future construction.

設計概念：草磚棚屋

Architectural Concept: Straw Brick Shed

該建筑服務于一個定牧于此的三口之家，并提供旅游招待的可能性。建筑的核心區(qū)域以草磚抹泥作圍護，采用當?shù)孛窬幼畛Ｒ姷娜_間布局，滿足主客人的生活起居；一個輕盈的棚屋將其罩起，創(chuàng)造出三面貫通的U形腔體，容納節(jié)慶聚會、生產(chǎn)儲藏等功能?！安荽u—棚屋”一重、一輕的構(gòu)成，傳承了當?shù)氐奶J葦建造技藝，創(chuàng)造了一個宜居的沙漠庇護所。

The project is a house for a herding family of three with the potential to accommodate tourists. The living area is constructed with straw bricks. A breathable metal shell covers this core, providing space for festive gatherings and storage. While the metal shell represents mature industrial solutions, the straw bricks are directly derived from traditional building in the region. The fusion of primitive local construction and industrial prefabricated elements forms our vision of the ideal desert shelter of the future.

空間使用：隨“時”應變

Daily Use: Adapting to Time

棚屋內(nèi)的U形廊道既區(qū)分了主客流線，也容納了牧居生活中的不同使用情境。較寬的走廊與餐廚區(qū)通過折疊窗連通，使得夏季的烹飪可在走廊進行，避免室內(nèi)過熱，回應了當?shù)孛窬臃衷O冬夏廚房的需求。在冬季，北側(cè)的過渡空間可容納牲畜宰殺及肉類儲存等功能。

The host and guests access their rooms through the corridor covered by the metal shell. Meanwhile, the corridor is also used for cooking in the summer and slaughtering and storing meat in the winter, fulfilling the needs of a herder's life.

建筑背側(cè)亦學習了當?shù)孛窬拥闹腔邸１诚蛑鲗эL向的生土土坯墻體沒有任何開窗，僅留有一個通向圈舍等畜牧生產(chǎn)區(qū)域的出入口。草磚房與土坯墻之間形成的通高空間便于物料的堆放，為牧居生活提供了一個高效寬敞的生產(chǎn)后勤區(qū)域。

The design of the rear is also inspired by the traditional houses of the region. The adobe wall, which has no openings except for a door, shields the building from the prevailing north wind. The space between the living area and the adobe wall allows for efficient storage, creating a spacious logistical area for the herders' daily activities.

拱形屋頂為二層閣樓提供了有如蒙古包般的圍坐空間，為旅游季及節(jié)慶期間的聚會喚起民族傳統(tǒng)的氛圍。

The arched roof creates a yurt-like space in the mezzanine, evoking the memory of traditional Mongolian life in moments of gathering.

低能耗下沙漠氣候的適應性

Adaptability to Desert Climate with Low Energy Consumption

“草磚房”的熱惰性墻體以及“棚屋”包裹的氣候過渡區(qū)，共同確保了建筑的熱舒適性和低能耗。

The excellent thermal performance of the straw-brick wall and the climatic buffer zone enclosed by the reed metal shell ensure both a comfortable indoor climate and low energy consumption.

在冬季，采暖僅集中在核心功能區(qū)，外側(cè)的過渡空間盡可能減免了熱量的對外散失。正立面使用大面積高性能保溫隔熱窗，為室內(nèi)帶來充足的日照和得熱，同時提供良好的內(nèi)眺景觀視野。

In winter, heat is concentrated in the straw-brick section, while the climatic buffer zone minimises heat loss to the outside. In addition, the fully glazed south facade brings plenty of daylight and heat into the interior.

在夏季，棚屋兩側(cè)的陽光板可靈活開啟，與屋面的天窗形成有效的空氣對流，結(jié)合草編屋頂隔熱層，確保室內(nèi)環(huán)境涼爽宜人。

In summer, the woven reed rope reduces solar heat gain, while the breathable envelope provides effective air circulation, keeping the interior cool and comfortable.

向日常鄉(xiāng)土學習

Learn from Vernacular Architecture and Ordinary landscape

巴丹吉林沙漠中現(xiàn)存的豐富的鄉(xiāng)土建筑（vernacular architecture）與日常景觀（ordinary landscape），為設計提供了充分的靈感。

The existing rich vernacular architecture and ordinary landscape in the Badain Jaran Desert provide ample inspiration for the design.

自然材料的利用

Natural Materials

通過對當?shù)剡z留的蘆葦房、梭梭棚屋等既有鄉(xiāng)土建筑設計智慧的學習，設計團隊就地取材，發(fā)掘當?shù)夭菽嘈徒ㄔ旒妓?。蘆葦編織拱形鋼桁架屋頂?shù)脑O計靈感來源于沙漠中一處失落的蒙古包群，設計創(chuàng)新性地將鄉(xiāng)村常見的拱形鋼桁架、方管、金屬屋面板等現(xiàn)代材料與木椽子、草繩等自然材料結(jié)合起來使用。

The rich vernacular architecture and ordinary landscape, such as reed houses and tamarisk sheds in the Badain Jaran Desert, provided rich and inspiring references for the design. Through meticulous studies of these anonymous buildings, a hybrid system of straw bricks and prefabricated metal elements was developed.

玄關的轉(zhuǎn)譯

Reimagination of the Hallway

阿拉善地區(qū)的民居建筑習慣將三開間的中間一室進行分隔，創(chuàng)造出玄關空間，用以阻擋風沙直接進入起居室。這不僅占用了中室在冬季寶貴的采光面，也不利于通風換氣。

In traditional houses in the Alashan region, a central corridor connects all the functional rooms and acts as a buffer to keep wind and sand out of the living areas. While this hallway provides climate control, it also blocks valuable sunlight in the winter and prevents proper ventilation. The designers reimagined this hallway by decentralizing it, wrapping it around the living area.

設計將玄關進行轉(zhuǎn)譯，將原本置于內(nèi)側(cè)的玄關翻轉(zhuǎn)至外側(cè)，目的是使這一服務空間置于外圍，包裹住被服務空間。

This new configuration not only maintains a stable and comfortable indoor climate, as in the traditional houses, but also creates a large transitional buffer zone that promotes indirect ventilation and airflow more efficiently.

紋樣的再現(xiàn)

Representation of Motifs

阿拉善地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)地毯是當?shù)刂匾氖止に嚻?，具有很高的藝術(shù)價值。在這些地毯上發(fā)現(xiàn)的經(jīng)典圖案和紋樣，經(jīng)過設計團隊細致的研究，被轉(zhuǎn)譯到項目的建筑細節(jié)中，例如沖孔金屬板和木窗框。這種精心的整合在整個設計中喚起了強烈的地方記憶。

The region’s traditional rugs are a significant local handicraft with high artistic value. The classic patterns and motifs found in these rugs have been thoughtfully studied and transcribed into the project’s architectural details, such as the perforated metal sheet and timber window frames. This careful integration evokes a strong sense of local cultural memory throughout the design.

低技術(shù)建造

Low-tech Construction

該建筑試驗性地采用蘆葦秸稈磚和盆湖膠泥等材料。團隊在校園內(nèi)進行了草磚墻身建構(gòu)實驗，后在實際建造中輔以諸如輕鋼骨架、壓型沖孔鋁板、聚碳酸酯板等輕質(zhì)的預制建材，大大節(jié)省了沙漠中高昂的運輸成本。壓型沖孔鋁板和聚碳酸酯板的伸縮性和易切割特點，大大提高了幕墻裝配過程中的容錯性。

The building experimentally utilizes materials on the site such as reed straw bricks and lake-side clay. Before construction, a straw brick wall mock-up was built at the architectural faculty of Nanjing University. The combination the locally sourced materials with prefabricated materials such as steel frames, corrugated perforated aluminum panels, and polycarbonate sheets significantly reducing the high transportation costs in the desert. Thanks to the straightforwardness of the detail design, the tolerance of imprecision was high enough to encounter the limited local manufacturing conditions.

由此，建筑由設計師、學生、當?shù)毓そ彻餐瑢嵤┩瓿?。施工周期短、建造難度較低、在當?shù)鼐哂型茝V潛力。該項目整體造價控制在50萬元以內(nèi)，項目為當?shù)啬撩裉峁┝诵锣l(xiāng)土建造方式的樣本。建成后，越來越多的牧民主動到訪參觀并詢問建造技術(shù)。

Ultimately, the project was a collaborative effort between designers, students and local craftsmen. Due to its short construction period and easy-to-build ventures, the architectural ideas of the project are highly promotable in the region. In addition, The total project cost was kept below 500,000 yuan. The project provides a model of new vernacular construction methods for local herders, and after its completion, more and more herders have voluntarily visited to learn about the construction techniques.

入夜，半透的棚屋透出室內(nèi)的暖光，點綴在沙漠中猶如蒙古族盛會中的銀碗；進入室內(nèi)，感官又沉浸在鄉(xiāng)土的觸感中。牧民朋友哈斯巴雅爾感嘆道：這就是我們小時候住過的房子。

Amidst the darkness of the silent night in the Badain Jaran Desert, the house glows like a silver bowl in the Mongolian Festival. Upon entering, all senses are immersed in the familiar textures of the land. Our herder friend, Hass Bayara, remarked with nostalgia, "This is exactly the house we lived in when we were kids."

設計圖紙 ▽

完整項目信息

項目名稱：巴丹吉林沙漠里的家

項目類型：公益項目、實驗住宅

項目地點：內(nèi)蒙古阿拉善右旗雅布賴鎮(zhèn)巴丹吉林嘎查蘇敏吉林

主創(chuàng)設計師：梁宇舒

設計團隊：甘靜雯、董一凡、郭士博、王世龍、王瀟、羅宇豪（南京大學建筑與城市規(guī)劃學院梁宇舒團隊）

業(yè)主：無（科研經(jīng)費資助下的公益項目）

建成狀態(tài)：建成

設計時間：2022年4月—2022年8月

建設時間：2023年7月—2023年9月

用地面積：167平方米

建筑面積：167平方米

結(jié)構(gòu)合作方：和作結(jié)構(gòu)建筑研究所

結(jié)構(gòu)：張準、許悅

綠色顧問：梁衛(wèi)輝、胡毅冰

照明：馬子昂、汪敏、杜博

施工圖設計：王學鍵、左中樓、何福春、潘藝靈

施工方：內(nèi)蒙古鑫之玉商貿(mào)有限責任公司

材料：壓型沖孔金屬板材、聚碳酸酯板、草磚、鋼材、膠泥、木材

參與建造：南京大學鄉(xiāng)村振興工作營內(nèi)蒙古支隊2023暑假、2024寒假支隊師生

顧問鳴謝：丁沃沃、趙辰、張鵬舉、周凌、傅筱、魯安東、黃華青、謝明瑞、繆曉東

資金支持：中央高?；究蒲袠I(yè)務費專項資金(0902/14380035)

機構(gòu)支持：蘭州職業(yè)技術(shù)學院藝術(shù)設計學院；南京創(chuàng)意農(nóng)業(yè)研究院

品牌支持：威盧克斯（中國）有限公司、上?？私j蒂材料科技發(fā)展有限公司

攝影師：呂曉斌、孫驍

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