—續(xù)

成功的團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)行依賴于合作，合作又反過來依賴于流暢的和開放的溝通。相應(yīng)地，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)能夠促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員之間充分共享信息的環(huán)境和機(jī)制對于成功地實(shí)施IPD至關(guān)重要。

首要溝通協(xié)議的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用能簡化溝通并促進(jìn)項(xiàng)目數(shù)據(jù)在各參與方之間和各種技術(shù)之間的傳遞。通過聯(lián)合研討會開發(fā)溝通協(xié)議和其它溝通工具，在聯(lián)合研討會中，項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)討論并決定如何使用、管理并轉(zhuǎn)換信息用于確保統(tǒng)一并正確地使用共享信息。在研討會中建立的決議和溝通協(xié)議會被記錄并成為項(xiàng)目的信息規(guī)范。

作為鏈接到項(xiàng)目信息數(shù)據(jù)庫的三維數(shù)字模型，建筑信息模型（BIM）是支持IPD最強(qiáng)大的工具之一。因?yàn)锽IM可以在一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫中整合設(shè)計(jì)、制造信息、安裝說明和項(xiàng)目管理物流等，它能在項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)階段到施工階段提供一個(gè)協(xié)作平臺。另外，因?yàn)樵诮ㄖ麄€(gè)生命周期內(nèi)模型和數(shù)據(jù)庫都能一直存在，業(yè)主可在竣工之后將BIM用于管理設(shè)施，例如空間規(guī)劃、家具裝設(shè)、監(jiān)控長期能源效能、維修以及再建模。

BIM是一項(xiàng)不斷改進(jìn)的技術(shù)，并且在目前階段沒有始終如一的使用下去。舉個(gè)例子，小型項(xiàng)目以及大型項(xiàng)目的一部分可使用單獨(dú)的一個(gè)模型，但是大型的、復(fù)雜的項(xiàng)目可能要依賴于很多由專業(yè)參與方搭建的模型進(jìn)行互聯(lián)。主要加工商的模型可與設(shè)計(jì)模型進(jìn)行交叉來直接生成采購信息，并在設(shè)計(jì)和采購進(jìn)行的同時(shí)協(xié)調(diào)沖突。與類似實(shí)踐相比，承包商可在實(shí)際施工之前，將工作模型與設(shè)計(jì)模型交互使用來為預(yù)施工提供施工階段和日程規(guī)劃，最后達(dá)到減少時(shí)間和材料浪費(fèi)的目的。在項(xiàng)目早期，也能將模型用于準(zhǔn)確的成本預(yù)算。對于現(xiàn)場、時(shí)間或財(cái)務(wù)方面有限制以至于無法進(jìn)行的極其復(fù)雜的項(xiàng)目，BIM也能以各種方式開展工作。

BIM是一項(xiàng)工具，而不是項(xiàng)目交付模式，但是IPD模式與BIM聯(lián)手可將工具的能力放大。IPD項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)就有關(guān)如何發(fā)展、訪問并使用模型以及如何在各模型之間和各參與方之間轉(zhuǎn)換信息的問題達(dá)成了一致認(rèn)識。沒有這種清晰的認(rèn)識，可能會導(dǎo)致模型的不正確和不正當(dāng)使用。要基于功能和互操作性選取軟件。開放的技術(shù)平臺對于將BIM和其它模型整合到項(xiàng)目流程至關(guān)重要，它們也促進(jìn)了各個(gè)層面的項(xiàng)目利益溝通。為在這方面提供幫助，可互操作的數(shù)據(jù)交換協(xié)議正處于開發(fā)階段并正獲得市場的認(rèn)可。

對于建模的詳細(xì)程度、特定應(yīng)用所需的誤差、模型服務(wù)的目的（例如是否會將模型用于開發(fā)成本數(shù)據(jù)，是否會將模型作為合同文件），也做出并記錄與之相關(guān)的決策。如果把模型作為合同文件，那么模型與其它合同文件之間的關(guān)系就確定了。協(xié)議也是為了沖突解決方案和提交審查而建立的。如果將模型用于開發(fā)成本數(shù)據(jù)，協(xié)議就是為了如何創(chuàng)建并轉(zhuǎn)換成本信息而創(chuàng)建的。除此之外，持有、管理并完成模型的方式也就是確定的了。

這些決策和協(xié)議對于在IPD中高效使用BIM是很重要的。與上面討論過的溝通決策和協(xié)議類似，通過聯(lián)合研討會能最好地開發(fā)BIM決策和協(xié)議。所有決策都要被記錄下來并對任何參與方都是隨時(shí)可用的——如此能確保模型的使用在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程中都是一致的。

未完待續(xù)—

—CONTINUE

Successful team operations rely on collaboration, which, in turn, necessarily relies on fluid and open communication. Accordingly, creating an atmosphere and mechanisms that facilitate the adequate sharing of information between and among team members is essential to successfully implementing IPD.

The development and use of an overarching communication protocol streamlines communications and facilitates the transfer of project data between participants and between technologies. The communication protocol and other communication tools are developed through joint workshops in which the project team discusses and decides how information will be used, managed and exchanged to ensure consistent and appropriate use of shared information. The decisions and communication protocol established at the workshops are documented and become the project’s information specification.

Building Information Modeling (BIM), a digital, three-dimensional model linked to a database of project information, is one of the most powerful tools supporting IPD. Because BIM can combine, among other things, the design, fabrication information, erection instructions, and project management logistics in one database, it provides a platform for collaboration throughout the project’s design and construction. Additionally, because the model and database can exist for the life of a building, the owner may use BIM to manage the facility well beyond completion of construction for such purposes as space planning, furnishing, monitoring long term energy performance, maintenance, and remodeling.

BIM is an evolving technology and is not used consistently in the industry at the present time. For example, a small project or a portion of a large project may utilize a single model, but a large, complex project may depend upon many interconnected models developed by specialty participants. Major fabricator models may interact with a design model to produce fabrication information directly and to coordinate conflicts as the design and purchasing proceed simultaneously. Compared with analog practices, the constructor’s work model can reduce time and material waste by interacting with the design model to provide construction staging and scheduling to pre-build the project in model form far in advance of actual construction. Models also allow for more accurate costing and estimating earlier in the project. The use of BIM allows the efficient development of extremely complex projects in ways that might otherwise not be possible given constraints of site, time or finances.

BIM is a tool, not a project delivery method, but IPD process methods work hand in hand with BIM and leverage the tool’s capabilities. The IPD project team reaches an understanding regarding how the model will be developed, accessed, and used, and how information can be exchanged between models and participants. Without such a clear understanding, the model may be used incorrectly or for an unintended purpose. Software choices are made on the basis of functionality and interoperability. Open technology platforms are essential to the integration of BIM and other models into the process and they foster communication to the benefit of the project on all levels. To aid in this area, interoperable data exchange protocols are in development and are gaining acceptance in the marketplace.

Decisions are also made and documented regarding the level of detail to be modeled, the tolerances required for specific uses, and the purposes the model will serve, such as whether the model will be used to develop cost data, and will function as a contract document. If it serves as a contract document, then the relationship between the model(s) and other contract documents is determined. Protocols are also established for conflict resolution and submittal review as well. If the model is used to develop cost data, protocols are developed for how cost information will be created and exchanged. In addition, the methods for hosting, managing and archiving the model are determined.

These decisions and protocols are vital to the effective use of BIM in IPD. Similar to the communications decisions and protocols discussed above, BIM decisions and protocols are best developed through joint workshops.

Any and all decisions are documented and readily available to any participant that will utilize the model—thus ensuring consistent use of the model over the course of the project.

TO BE CONTINUED—